![]() Time-order errors in temporal judgment can be experimentally tested by implementing a two-interval forced choice (2IFC) discrimination task, whereby participants compare the duration of two successive time intervals (events) per trial-a Standard and a Comparison (S vs C)-separated by an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) 6, 7. Understanding how they are generated is fundamental as humans ordinarily perceive events in a series, not in isolation. Time-order errors have been detected in different stimulus modalities, such as audition, vision, and taste, as well as different stimulus dimensions, such as loudness, heaviness, and brightness 4. This led to a systematic error on a subject’s judgment of sequentially presented stimuli, which was termed time-order error (TOE) 4. In 1860, Fechner observed that when comparing the weight of two elements, the order in which they were lifted mattered 5. A specific kind of time distortion is the presentation-order error 4. Precisely estimating event timing is essential for a range of perceptual and cognitive tasks, yet temporal distortions are ubiquitous in our daily sensory experience 1– 3. Our results clarify the mechanisms generating time distortions by identifying a hitherto unknown duration-dependent encoding inefficiency in human serial temporal perception, something akin to a strong prior that can be overridden for highly predictable sensory events but unfolds for unpredictable ones. We simulated our behavioral results with a Bayesian model and replicated the finding that participants disproportionately expand first-position dynamic (unpredictable) short events. These results imply the existence of a perceptual bias in perceiving ordered event durations, mechanistically contributing to distortion in time perception. Importantly, a significant interaction suggests that a longer inter-stimulus interval (ISI) helps to counteract such serial distortion effect only when the constant S is in the first position, but not if the unpredictable C is in the first position. We found that temporal distortions emerge when the first event is shorter than the second event. Here, we tested whether the relative position, duration, and distance in time of two sequentially-organized events-standard S, with constant duration, and comparison C, with duration varying trial-by-trial-are causal factors in generating temporal distortions. Precisely estimating event timing is essential for survival, yet temporal distortions are ubiquitous in our daily sensory experience.
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